Rearme y baja percepción de amenaza interestatal en Sudamérica. ¿Es posible tal coexistencia?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1835-061-2010Palabras clave:
rearme, compra de armamento, seguridad en Sudamérica, carrera armamentista, gasto militar, percepción de amenaza.Resumen
El propósito de este artículo es realizar un análisis crítico del uso del concepto de rearme para explicar las compras de armas por parte de diversos países sudamericanos. El empleo de esta noción no sólo es impreciso desde el punto de vista conceptual, sino también riesgoso desde el político. El concepto de rearme tiene un significado histórico muy preciso y específico que se vincula a situaciones en las que predomina una elevada percepción de amenaza interestatal y la espera del estallido de una guerra en forma inminente. Desde el punto de vista teórico y empírico, ni el significado histórico del concepto ni sus referentes empíricos están presentes en la región.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the use of the concept of rearmament to explain the purchases of arms in South America. The use of this term has not only contributed to the conceptual confusion but also to a risky political use of it. The concept rearmament has a specific historical meaning which is often link to situations of acute perceptions of threat among states and to the imminent break of war. From a theoretical and empirical perspective, neither the historical understanding of the concept nor its empirical referents are present in the region.
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Citas
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Flemes, Daniel, 2006, "Respuestas del Mercosur a las amenazas transnacionales", Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad 20, núm. 2.
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Hammond, Grant T., 1993, Plowshares into Swords: Arms Races in International Politics, 1840–1991, South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric, 1998, La era del imperio, Madrid, Crítica.
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Searle, Alarci, 1998, "A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953," War in History 5, núm. 3.
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Snyder, Jack, 1984, "Civil–Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984", International Security 9, núm. 1.
Schweller, Randall, 2004, "Unanswered Threats: A Neoclasicall Realist Theory of Underbalancing", International Security 29, núm. 2.
Taylor, A.J, 1961, The Origins of the Second World War, Nueva York, Atheneum.
Thomas, Martin, 1992, French Economic Affairs and Rearmament: The First Crucial Months, June–September 1936'', Journal of Contemporary History, núm. 27.
Wallace, Michael, 1979, "Arms Race and Escalation: Some New Evidence", Journal of Conflict Resolution 23, núm. 1.
Warner, Geoffrey, 1995, "The United States and the Rearmamemt of West Germany", International Affairs 61, núm. 2.
Weste, John, 1999, "Staging a Comeback: Rearmament Planning and Kyugunjin in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952", Japan Forum 11, núm. 2.
Bonilla, Adrián, 2003, "Una agenda de seguridad andina", en María Cristina Rosas (coord.), Seguridad hemisférica: un largo y sinuoso camino, México, UNAM/CEDH.
Butfoy, Andrew, 1997, "Offence–Defence Theory and the Security Dilemma: The Problem with Marginalizing the Context", Contemporary Security Policy 18, núm. 3, diciembre.
Buzan, Barry y Eric Herring, 1998, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder, Lynne Rienner.
Carr, E.H, 2004, La crisis de los veinte años 1919–1939, Madrid, La Catarata.
Centeno, Miguel Ángel, 2002, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation State in Latin America, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press.
Centro de Estudios Nueva Mayoría, 2008, Adelantos del balance militar 2008, en http://www.nuevamayoria.com/.
Copeland, Dale, 2000, The Origins of Major Wars, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
Diehl, P.F., 1983, "Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look", Journal of Peace Research 20, núm. 3.
Domínguez, Jorge et al., 2003, "Boundary Disputes in Latin America", Peace Works 50, United States Institute of Peace.
Evera, Stephen van, 1984, "The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War", International Security 9, núm. 1.
Flemes, Daniel, 2006, "Respuestas del Mercosur a las amenazas transnacionales", Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad 20, núm. 2.
Flemes, Daniel, 2004, "Institucional Building in Mercosur's Defence and Security Sector. The Common Containment of Transnational Threats", 1KK Working Papers, núm. 22.
Fundación Seguridad y Democracia, 2008, Sudamérica: ¿carrera armamentista o renovación militar?, en http://www.seguridadydemocracia.org.
Galtung, Johan, 1971, "Peace Thinking", en Albert Lepawsky E.H. Buehrig y H.D. Fasswell (eds.), The Search for World Order: Studies by Students and Colleagues of Quincy Wrigh, Nueva York, Appleton–Century–Crofts, pp. 120–153.
Galtung, Johan, 1969, "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research", Journal of Peace Research, núm. 3, pp. 167–191.
Galtung, Johan, 1968, "Entropy and the General Theory of Peace", en Proceedings of the International Peace Research Association Second Conference, vol. 1, Países Bajos, Van Gorcum.
Gray, Colin, 1996, "Arms Races and other Pathetic Fallacies: A Case for Deconstruction", Review of International Studies 22.
Gray, Colin, 1976, The Soviet American Arms Race, Westmead, Saxon House and Lexington.
Hammond, Grant T., 1993, Plowshares into Swords: Arms Races in International Politics, 1840–1991, South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric, 1998, La era del imperio, Madrid, Crítica.
Huntington, Samuel, 1958, "Arms Races: Prerrequisites and Results", Public Policy 8.
International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2000–2008, The Military Balance, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Kacowicz, Arie, 2005, The Impact of Norms in International Society: The Latin American Experience, 1881–2001, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press.
Kacowicz, Arie, 1998, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective, Albany, State University of New York Press.
Malamud, Carlos y Carlota García Encina, 2006, "¿Rearme o renovación de equipamiento militar en América Latina?", documento de trabajo, núm. 31, Real Instituto Elcano.
Martin, Felix, 2006, Militarist Peace in South America, Nueva York, Palgrave.
McKercher, B.J.C, 2001, "From Disarmament to Rearmament: British Civil–Military Relations and Policy–Making, 1933–1934", Defence Studies 1, núm. 1.
Military Power Review, 2008, "Ranking do Poder Militar na América do Sul – 2007–2008", en http://www.militarypower.com.br/ranking.htm.
Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 1936, "The Swiss Rearmament", Foreign Affairs 14, núm. 4.
Peden, G., 1978, British Rearmament and the Treasury 1932–1939, Edimburgo, Scottish Academic Press.
Resdal, 2008, Atlas comparativo de la defensa en América Latina, Buenos Aires, Resdal.
Richardson, L., 1960, Arms and Insecurity, Pittsburgh, Boxwood.
Ritcheson, Philip, 1995, "Iranian Military Resurgence: Scope, Motivations, and Implications for Regional Security", Armed Forces and Society 21, núm. 4.
Sample, Susan, 2002, "The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers", Journal of Peace Research 36, núm. 6.
Sample, Susan, 2000, "Military Buildups, Arming and War", en John Vazquez (ed.), What Do We Know about War?, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield. [ Links ]
Sample, Susan, 1998, "Military Buildups, War and Realpolitik: A Multivariate Model", Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, núm. 2.
Sartori, Giovanni, 1991, La política, lógica y método en las ciencias sociales, México, FCE.
Searle, Alarci, 1998, "A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953," War in History 5, núm. 3.
SIPRI, 2008, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Snyder, Jack, 1984, "Civil–Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984", International Security 9, núm. 1.
Schweller, Randall, 2004, "Unanswered Threats: A Neoclasicall Realist Theory of Underbalancing", International Security 29, núm. 2.
Taylor, A.J, 1961, The Origins of the Second World War, Nueva York, Atheneum.
Thomas, Martin, 1992, French Economic Affairs and Rearmament: The First Crucial Months, June–September 1936'', Journal of Contemporary History, núm. 27.
Wallace, Michael, 1979, "Arms Race and Escalation: Some New Evidence", Journal of Conflict Resolution 23, núm. 1.
Warner, Geoffrey, 1995, "The United States and the Rearmamemt of West Germany", International Affairs 61, núm. 2.
Weste, John, 1999, "Staging a Comeback: Rearmament Planning and Kyugunjin in Occupied Japan, 1945–1952", Japan Forum 11, núm. 2.
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2010-01-01
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Battaglino, J. M. (2010). Rearme y baja percepción de amenaza interestatal en Sudamérica. ¿Es posible tal coexistencia?. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 18(35), 61–87. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1835-061-2010
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Derechos de autor 2010 Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, sede México
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
