Middle Class and Democracy in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2346-037-2015Keywords:
middle class, democracy, modernization, post-modernization, Latin America, LatinbarometerAbstract
The consolidation of the middle class has been interpreted by modernization and postmodernization theories as a key factor for the functioning and stability of the democratic system. However, in Latin America the middle class has tended to be associated with two contradictory positions. On the one hand, it is emphasized that it plays a stabilizing and democratic role while, on the other hand, it is linked to supporting military coups. With the purpose of elucidate such a dilemma, the relationship that can be established between the socioeconomic status and the degree of support for democracy will be examined. In order to do this, an empirical analysis from Latinbarometer surveys databases will be conducted, covering seventeen countries in the region for the period from 1996 to 2011. It will be concluded that the middle class in Latin America does not have particularly more favorable attitudes toward democracy than other social segments.Downloads
References
Banco Mundial, 2011, The World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development, Washington, DC, The World Bank Press.
Booth, John, y Mitchell Seligson, 2009, The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America. Political Support and Democracy in Eight Nations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818431
Cardoso, Fernando H., y Enzo Faletto, 1969, Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI.
Chen, Jie, 2013, A Middle Class without Democracy: Economic Growth and the Prospects for Democratization in China, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Chu, Yun-han et al., 2008, “Public Opinion and Democratic Legitimacy”, en Larry Diamond y Marc F. Plattner (eds.), How People View Democracy, Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins
University Press, pp. 31-44.
Dahl, Robert, 2000, On Democracy, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., Doch C. Shin, y Willy Jou, 2008, “How People Understand Democracy”, en Larry Diamond, y Marc F. Plattner (eds.), How People View Democracy, Baltimore, MD,
The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-15.
Dalton, Russell J., 2004, Democratic Challenges. Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268436.001.0001
Dalton, Russell J., 1999, “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies”, en Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 57-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.003.0003
Diamond, Larry, 2008, The Spirit of Democracy. The Struggle to Build Free Societies throughout the World, Nueva York, Times Books.
Diamond, Larry, 1999, Developing Democracy. Towards Consolidation, Baltimore y Londres, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske, 2002, “Development, Class and Democracy: is There a Relationship?, en Ole Elgström, y Goran Hyden, Development and Democracy. What Have We Learned and How?, Londres y Nueva York, Routledge, pp. 48-64.
Easton, David, 1975, “A Re-assessment of the Concept of Political Support”, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 5, núm. 4, pp. 435-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400008309
Elgström, Ole, 2002, “Development and Democracy: Gains and Gaps?, en Ole Elgström y Goran Hyden, Development and Democracy. What Have We Learned and How?, Londres y Nueva York, Routledge, pp. 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203164921
Ferreira, Francisco H. G., Julian Messina, Jamele Rigolini, Luis-Felipe López-Calva, María Ana Lugo, y Renos Vakis, 2013, Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9634-6
Class, Washington, The World Bank.
Franco, Rolando et al., 2011, “Crece y cambia la clase media en América Latina: una puesta al día”, Revista cepal, núm. 103, pp. 7-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/18a949a2-es
Franco, Rolando, y Martín Hopenhayn, 2010, “Las clases medias en América Latina: Historias cruzadas y miradas diversas”, en Rolando Franco, Martín Hopenhayn, y Arturo León (coords.), Las clases medias en América Latina. Retrospectiva y nuevas tendencias, México, CEPAL/Siglo xxi, pp. 7-41.
Franco, Rolando, y Arturo León, 2010, “Clases medias latinoamericanas: ayer y hoy”, Estudios Avanzados, núm. 13, pp. 59-77.
Fukuyama, Francis, 2009, “La experiencia latinoamericana”, Journal of Democracy en Español, núm. 1, pp. 147-159.
Furtado, Celso, 1964, Desarrollo y subdesarrollo, Buenos Aires, Eudeba.
Gunther, Richard et al., 2007a, “Introduction: Intermediation, Information, and Electoral Politics”, en Richard Gunther et al., Democracy, Intermediation and Voting in Four Continents, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202836.001.0001
Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-28.
Gunther, Richard et al., 2007b, “Conclusions: Processes of Intermediation, Electoral Politics, and Political Support in Old a New Democracies”, en Richard Gunther et al., Democracy,
Intermediation and Voting in Four Continents, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 321-367.
Graham, Carol, y Sandip Sukhtankar, 2004, “Does Economic Crisis Reduce Support for Markets and Democracy in Latin America? Some Evidence from Surveys of Public Opinion and DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X0400745X
Well Being”, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 36, núm. 2, pp. 449-377.
Hopenhayn, Martín, 2010a, “¿Cómo ha cambiado la clase media en América Latina? Elementos para el debate”, en Ludolfo Paramio (coord.), Clases medias y gobernabilidad en América
Latina, Madrid, Editorial Pablo Iglesias, pp. 25-57.
Hopenhayn, Martín, 2010b, “Clases medias en América Latina: sujeto difuso en busca de definición”, en Alicia Bárcena, y Narcís Serra (eds.), Clases medias y desarrollo en América Latina, Santiago de Chile, cepal/cidob, pp. 11-37.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1993, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
Inglehart, Ronald, 2000, Modernización y posmodernización. El cambio cultural, económico y político en 43 sociedades, Madrid, CIS.
Inglehart, Ronald, 1977, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald, y Christian Welzel, 2006, Modernización, cambio cultural y democracia: La secuencia del desarrollo humano, Madrid, CIS.
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, 1999, “Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis”, en Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.003.0002
Oxford University Press, pp. 31-56.
Krishna, Anirudh, 2008, “1. Introduction: Poor People and Democracy”, en Anirudh Krishna (ed.), Poverty, Participation and Democracy. A global Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridge DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756160.003
University Press, pp. 1-27.
Kurlantzick, Joshua, 2013, Democracy in Retreat. The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government, New Haven y Londres, Yale University Press.
Latinobarómetro, 2006, Informe Latinobarómetro 2006, Santiago de Chile, Latinobarómetro.
León, Arturo et al., 2010, “Clases medias en América Latina: Una visión de sus cambios en las dos últimas décadas”, en Rolando Franco, Martín Hopenhayn, y Arturo León (coords.), Las clases medias en América Latina: Retrospectiva y nuevas tendencias, México, cepal/Siglo XXI, pp. 43-116.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 1960, Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics, Nueva York, Doubleday & Company.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 1959a, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, The American Political Review, vol. 53, núm. 1, pp. 69-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 1959b, “Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism”, American Sociological Review, vol. 24, núm. 4, pp. 482-501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2089536
Lipset, Seymour Martin, y Jason M. Lakin, 2004, The Democratic Century, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press.
López-Calva, Luis F., Jamele Rigolini, y Flerencia Torche, 2011, “Is There Such a Thing as Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America”, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5874
Policy Research Working Paper, núm. 5874.
Mainwaring, Scott, y Frances Hagopian, 2005, “Introduction: The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America, en Frances Hagopian, y Scott Mainwaring, The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Advances and Setbacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791116.001
Mainwaring, Scott, y Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, 2005, “Latin American Democratization since 1978.
Democratic Transitions, Breakdowns, and Erosions”, en Frances Hagopian, y Scott Mainwaring, The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America. Advances and Setbacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14-59.
Martinelli, Alberto, 2005, Global Modernization. Rethinking the Project of Modernity, Londres, Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216583
Minujin, Alberto, 2010, “Vulnerabilidad y resiliencia de la clase media en América Latina”, en Alicia Bárcena, y Narcís Serra (eds.), Clases medias y desarrollo en América Latina, Santiago
de Chile, cepal/cidob, pp. 71-141.
Mora y Araujo, Manuel, 2010, “Vulnerabilidad de las clases medias en América Latina. Competitividad individual y posición social”, en Alicia Bárcena, y Narcís Serra (eds.), Clases medias
y desarrollo en América Latina, Santiago de Chile, cepal/cidob, pp. 143-172.
Norris, Pippa, 2011, Democratic Deficit. Critical Citizens Revisited, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973383
Norris, Pippa, 1999, “Introduction: The Growth of Critical Citizens?”, en Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford, Oxford University DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295685.001.0001
Press, pp. 1-27.
OCDE, 2010, Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2011. En qué medida es clase media América Latina, París, ocde Publishing.
Paramio, Ludolfo, 2010a, “Economía y política de las clases medias en América Latina”, Nueva Sociedad, núm. 229, pp. 62-75.
Paramio, Ludolfo, 2010b, “Introducción: clases medias y gobernabilidad en América Latina”, en Ludolfo Paramio (coord.), Clases medias y gobernabilidad en América Latina, Madrid,
Editorial Pablo Iglesias, pp. 7-23.
PNUD, 2010, Nuestra democracia, México, PNUD. PNUD, 2004, La democracia en América Latina: Hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos, Nueva York, PNUD.
Ravallion, Martin, 2010, The Developing World’s Bulging (but Vulnerable) “Middle Class”, World Development, vol. 38, núm. 4, pp. 445-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.007
Sarsfield, Rodolfo, 2010, “Introducción: democracia, opinión pública y democratización”, en Rodolfo Sarsfield (coord.), Democracia y opinión pública en países de reciente democratización, Madrid, Fundación Pablo Iglesias, pp. 5-50.
Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger, y Katrin Voltmer, 2007, “The Mass Media in Third-wave Democracies: Gravediggers or Seedsmen of Democratic Consolidation?”, en Richard Gunther et al., DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202836.003.0003
Democracy, Intermediation and Voting in Four Continents, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 75-134.
Solimano, Andrés, 2010, “La clase media y el proceso de desarrollo económico: evidencia internacional de 130 países”, en Alicia Bárcena, y Narcís Serra (eds.), Clases medias y desarrollo en América Latina, Santiago de Chile, CEPAL/CIDOB, pp. 39-70.
Smith, Peter H., 2005, Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective, Nueva York y Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Sztompka, Pior, 1995, “Capítulo 9. Teorías viejas y nuevas de la modernización”, en Sociología del cambio social, Madrid, Alianza, pp. 155-167.
Tavares de Almeida, María Herminia, y Emmanoel Nunes de Oliveira, 2010, “Nuevas capas medias y política en Brasil”, en Ludolfo Paramio (coord.), Clases medias y gobernabilidad en
América Latina, Madrid, Editorial Pablo Iglesias, pp. 103-118.
Tedesco, Laura, y Jonathan Barton, 2004, The State of Democracy in Latin America. Post-transitional conflicts in Argentina and Chile, Nueva York, Routledge.
Welzel, Christian, y Ronald Inglehart, 2008, “The Role of Ordinary People in Democratization”, en Larry Diamond y Marc F. Plattner (eds.), How People View Democracy, Baltimore, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0009
MD, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 16-30.
Welzel, Christian, y Ronald Inglehart, 2007, “Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions”, en Carles Boix y Susan C. Stokes (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, pp. 297-316.
Downloads
Published
Citas a este artículo:
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
