¿Borrón sin cuenta nueva? La injusticia transicional en guerras civiles económicas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2957-008-2021Palabras clave:
violencia societal, narcoviolencia, crimen organizado, guerra civil económica, México, justicia transicional, amnistía, capacidad estatalResumen
Ante la persistencia de la violencia criminal organizada en México, se ha discutido la posibilidad de superarla usando medidas de justicia transicional. ¿Qué tan viable sería su aplicación? Tratamos de responder a esta pregunta en dos pasos. Primero, trazamos un mapa conceptual de la violencia societal organizada que nos permite identificar la llamada narcoviolencia como una guerra civil económica y distinguirla de las guerras civiles políticas. Después, discutimos la aplicabilidad de la justicia transicional al contexto mexicano. Aunque identificamos analogías importantes, terminamos resaltando un obstáculo infranqueable: la justicia transicional solo puede servir como vía pacificadora si el Estado que recurre a ella para desarmar a las bandas criminales tuviera la capacidad de garantizar que ese desarme sea permanente.
Descargas
Citas
Anaya-Muñoz, A., & Kalmanovitz, P. (2018). Regulating the use of armed force in Mexico: What role for international law? Guadalajara y Ciudad de México: ITESO y CIDE, inédito.
Anonymous. (1996). Human rights in peace negotiations. Human Rights Quarterly, 18(2), 249-258. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1996.0014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1996.0014
Arjona, A. (2014). Wartime Institutions: A Research Agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(8), 1360-1389. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714547904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714547904
Bailey, J., & Taylor, M. M. (2009). Evade, corrupt, or confront? Organized crime and the state in Brazil and Mexico. Journal of Politics in Latin America, (2), 3-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X0900100201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X0900100201
Bates, G., Cinar, I., & Nalepa, M. (2019). Accountability by numbers: A new global transitional justice dataset (1946-2016). Perspectives on Politics, 18(1), 161-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719000756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719000756
Bateson, R. (2012). Crime victimization and political participation. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 570-587. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000299
Beissinger, M. R. (2002). Nationalist mobilization and the collapse of the Soviet state. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613593
Blume, L. R. (2017). The old rules no longer apply: Explaining narco-assassinations of Mexican politicians. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 9(1), 59-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X1700900103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X1700900103
Buhaug, H. (2006). Relative capability and rebel objective in civil war. Journal of Peace Research, 43(6), 691-708. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306069255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306069255
Buscaglia, E. (2010). México pierde la guerra. Esquire, (marzo), 95-110.
Cederman, L.-E., Gleditsch, K. S., & Buhaug, H. (2013). Inequality, grievances and civil war. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084161
Cervantes, J. (2015, 29 de noviembre). El Ramo 33, para la delincuencia organizada. Proceso, (2039), 32-34.
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), & Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH). (2018). Estudio para elaborar una propuesta de política pública en materia de Justicia Transicional en México. México: CIDE.
Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos (CMDPDH). (2019). Propuesta ciudadana para la construcción de una política sobre Verdad, Justicia y Reparación a las víctimas de la violencia y de las violaciones a los derechos humanos. México: CMDPDH.
Clark, J. N. (2016). Transitional justice as recognition: An analysis of the women’s court in Sarajevo. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 10(1), 67-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv027
Collier, D., & Levitsky, S. (1997). Democracy with adjectives: Conceptual innovation in comparative research. World Politics, 49(3), 430-451. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009
Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, (56), 563-595. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064
Dancy, G., Marchesi, B., Olsen, T., Payne, L., Reiter, A., & Sikkink, K. (2019). Behind bars and bargains: New findings on transitional justice in emerging democracies. International Studies Quarterly, 63(1), 99-110.
Durán-Martínez, A. (2015). To kill and tell? State power, criminal competition, and drug violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(8), 1377-1402. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587047
Elster, J. (2004). Closing the books: Transitional justice in historical perspective. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607011
Enzensberger, H. M. (1993). Aussichten auf den Bürgerkrieg. Fráncfort: Suhrkamp.
Fearon, J. (1998). Domestic politics, foreign policy, and theories of international relations. Annual Review of Political Science, (1), 289-313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.289
Fjelde, H., & Nilsson, D. (2012). Rebels against rebels: Explaining violence between rebel groups. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(4), 604-628. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002712439496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002712439496
Flanigan, S. (2012). Terrorists next door? A comparison of Mexican drug cartels and Middle Eastern terrorist organizations. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24(2), 279-294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.648351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.648351
Flores Pérez, C. A. (2009). El Estado en crisis: crimen organizado y política. Desafíos para la consolidación democrática. México: CIESAS.
Grillo, I. (2011). El narco: Inside Mexico’s criminal insurgency. Nueva York: Bloomsbury Press.
Guerrero, E. (2014). La dictadura criminal. Nexos, (436), 44-52.
Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns: Handlungsrationalität und gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung. Fráncfort: Suhrkamp.
Harbom, L., Melander, E., & Wallensteen, P. (2008). Dyadic dimensions of armed conflict, 1946-2007. Journal of Peace Research, 45(5), 697-710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308094331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308094331
Kahn, P. W. (2011). Criminal and enemy in the political imagination. The Yale Review, 99(1), 148-167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9736.2011.00695.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2011.0010
Kaldor, M. (2006). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era (2a. Ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kalyvas, S. N. (2015). How civil wars help explain organized crime-and how they do not. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(8), 1517-1540. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587101
Kalyvas, S. N. (2009). Civil wars. En C. Boix, & S. Stokes (Eds.). Oxford handbook of comparative politics (pp. 416-434). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0018
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The logic of violence in civil war. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818462
Kalyvas, S. N. (2001). ‘New’ and ‘old’ civil wars: a valid distinction? World Politics, (54), 99-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2001.0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2001.0022
Kalyvas, S. N., & Balcells, L. (2010). International system and technologies of rebellion: How the cold war shaped internal conflict. American Political Science Review, 104(3), 415-429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000286
Kalyvas, S. N., & Kocher, M. (2010). How ‘free’ is free riding in civil wars? violence, insurgency, and the collective action problem. World Politics, 59(2), 177-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0023
Kirchheimer, O. (1972). Gnade in der politischen Strafverfolgung (orig. 1961). En OFunktionen des Staats und der Verfassung (pp. 186-222). Fráncfort: Suhrkamp.
Lessing, B. (2018). Making peace in drug wars. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108185837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108185837
Lessing, B. (2015). Logics of violence in criminal war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(8), 1486-1516. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587100
Maerker, D. (2014). Auxilio, ¿dónde está el Estado? Nexos, (436), 21-33.
Mkandawire, T. (2002). The terrible death toll of post-colonial ‘Rebel movements’ in Africa: Towards an explanation of the violence against the peasantry. Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2), 181-215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X02003889 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X02003889
Olsen, T. D., Payne, L., & Reiter, A. (2010). The justice balance: When transitional justice improves human rights and democracy. Human Rights Quarterly, 32(4), 980-1007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2010.0021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2010.0021
Olson, M. (2000). Power and prosperity. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Osorno, D. E. (2011). El Cartel de Sinaloa. México: Grijalbo.
Paige, A. (2009). How ‘transitions’ reshaped human rights: A conceptual history of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, (31), 321-367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.0.0069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.0.0069
Rivera, J. (2014). Los límites de la depredación. Nexos, (436), 53-57.
Sambanis, N. (2004). What is civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(6), 814-858. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704269355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704269355
Sarkees, M. R., & Wayman, F. W. (2010). Resort to war: A data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007. Washington, D. C.: CQ Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781608718276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781608718276
Schedler, A. (2018). En la niebla de la guerra: Los ciudadanos ante la violencia criminal organizada (2a. ed.). México: CIDE.
Schedler, A. (2013). Mexico’s civil war democracy. American Political Science Association (APSA), Chicago, IL, 29 de agosto-1 de septiembre.
Staniland, P. (2012). States, insurgents, and wartime political orders. Perspectives on Politics, 10(2), 243-264. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592712000655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592712000655
Teitel, R. G. (2003). Transitional justice genealogy. Harvard Human Rights Journal, (16), 69-94.
Thaler, K. (2012). Ideology and violence in civil wars: Theory and evidence from Mozambique and Angola. Civil Wars, 14(4), 546-567. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2012.740203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2012.740203
Theidon, K. (2007). Transitional subjects: The disarment, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants in Colombia. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(1), 66-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm011
Trejo, G., & Ley, S. (2019). High-Profile criminal violence: Why Drug cartels murder government officials and party candidates in Mexico. British Journal of Political Science. doi: doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000637
Trejo, G., Albarracín, J., & Tiscornia, L. (2018). Breaking state impunity in post-authoritarian regimes: Why transitional justice processes deter criminal violence in new democracies. Journal of Peace Research, 55(6), 787-809. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318793480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318793480
Uprimny, R., Saffon, M. P., Botero C., & Restrepo, E. (2006). ¿Justicia transicional sin transición? Verdad, justicia y reparación para Colombia. Botogá: Anthropos.
Van Evera, S. (1998). Offense, defense, and the causes of war. International Security, 22(4), 5-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.22.4.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.22.4.5
Waldmann, P. (2012). El narcotráfico en México: Una escalada de violencia anómica. (Documento de Trabajo, núm. 3). Puebla, México: Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/Instituto de Ciencias de Gobierno y Desarrollo Estratégico.
Weinstein, J. M. (2007). Inside rebellion: The politics of insurgent violence. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808654 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808654
Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent collective action and civil war in El Salvador. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808685
Publicado
Citas a este artículo:
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
