El poder del dinero y el poder del sexo. Antropología del turismo sexual
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1836-071-2010Palabras clave:
sexo, turismo, prostitución, colonialismo, globalización, género, agencia.Resumen
La globalización y el flujo de personas, ideas y mercancías han provocado la mundialización de la industria del sexo a través de cadenas/redes de prostitución y tráfico de personas cada vez más sofisticados, adaptándose a los significados y prácticas cambiantes del sexo. La dominación de los países del Norte sobre los países del Sur y del Este se manifiesta en múltiples formas, entre ellas el turismo sexual. Este artículo analiza algunos aspectos del turismo sexual en contextos nacionales e internacionales, y plantea la conveniencia y oportunidad de explorar lo individual y subjetivo, así como las temáticas sociopolíticas relacionadas.
Abstract
Globalization, the flow of people, ideas and goods, generates a situation in which the sex industry has been globalized through increasingly sophisticated channels and networks of prostitution and human traffic. These are, adapting themselves to the changing meanings and practices of sex. The North domination of the South and East is manifested in multiple ways, including sex tourism. The text analyzes some aspects of sex tourism in different national and international contexts, and postulates the advisability and opportunity to explore both the individual and the subjective, as well as related socio–political dimensions.
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Citas
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Barry, Kathleen, 1995, The Prostitution of Sexuality, Nueva York, New York University Press.
Bauer, Thomas G. y Bob McKercher, 2003, "Conceptual Framework of the Nexus between Tourism, Romance and Sex", en Thomas G. Bauer y Bob McKercher (eds.), Sex and Tourism, journeys of Romance, Love and Lust, Nueva York, The Haworth Press.
Behbehanian, Laleh, 2000, "Policing the Illicit Peripheries of Egypt's Tourism Industry", Middle East Report, num. 216, Washington.
Bindel, Julie y Liz Kelly, 2004, A Critical Examination of Responses to Prostitution in Four Countries: Victoria–Australia, Ireland, The Netherlands, Sweden, Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University.
Bishop, Ryan y Lillian S. Robinson, 1998, Night Market. Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle, Nueva York, Routledge.
Brace, Laura y Julia O'Connell Davidson, 2000, "Minding the Gap: General and Substantive Theorizing on Power and Exploitation", Signs, vol. 25, num. 4, Chicago.
Brennan, Denise, 2004, "Women Work, Men Sponge, and Everyone Gossips: Macho Men and Stigmatized/ing Women in a Sex Tourist Town", Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 77, num. 4, Washington.
Burns, Peter M., 2002, An Introduction to Tourism and Anthropology, Londres, Routledge.
Cardin, Alberto, 1990, Lo próximo y lo ajeno, Barcelona, Icaria.
Clifford, James, 1999, Itinerarios transculturales, Barcelona, Gedisa.
Crick, Malcolm, 1989, "Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings, and Servility", Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 18, Palo Alto.
Crick, Malcolm, 1995, "The Anthropologist as Tourist: An Identity in Question", en Marie–Francoise Lanfant, John Allock y Edward Bruner (eds.), International Tourism: Identity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Dank, Barry M., 1999, "Sex Work, Sex Workers, and Beyond", en Barry M. Dank y Roberto Refinetti (dir.), Sex Work and Sex Workers, New Brunswick, Transaction.
Delacoste, Frédérique y Priscilla Alexander (editores), 1987, Sex Work. Writings by Women in the Sex Industry, San Francisco, Cleiss.
Diario de Yucatán, 15 de junio de 2009.
Dubinsky, Karen, 1999, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honey–mooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
El Universal, 17 de junio de 2009.
El Universal, 20 de junio de 2009.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, 2001, Small Places, Large Issues. An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology, Londres, Pluto Press.
Esteva Fabregat, Claudio, 2009, Comunicación personal, Guadalajara.
Farley, Melissa, 2006, "Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly", The Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, vol. 18, New Haven.
Frohlick, Susan y Ana Dragojlovic, 2010, Session on "Pleasure Travel, Affect, and Multiple Desires: Loving, Lusting and Other Feelings Away from Home", en Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Emotional Geographies Conference, Adelaide, [inédito].
Gap Min, Pyong, 2003, "Korean 'Comfort Women': The Intersection of Colonial Power, Gender, and Class", Gender and Society, vol. 17, num. 6, Kansas City.
Geertz, Clifford, 2002, Reflexiones antropológicas sobre temas filosóficos, Barcelona, Paidós.
Gerstenberger, Katharina, 2003, "Play Zones: The Erotics of the New Berlin", The German Quarterly, vol. 76, num. 3, Durham.
Gmelch, George, 2003, Behind the Smile: The Working Lives of Caribbean Tourism, Bloomington, Indiana University.
Goffman, Erving, 1993, La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu. [ Links ]
Graburn, Nelson, 1992, "Turismo: el viaje sagrado", en Valene L. Smith (ed.), Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Graburn, Nelson, 1983, "The Anthropology of Tourism", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 10, num. 1, Menomonie. [ Links ]
Hall, C. Michael y Ryan, Chris, 2001, Sex Tourism. Marginal People and Liminalities, Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Harrison, David, 2000, "Sex Tourism", en Encyclopedia of Tourism, Nueva York, Routledge. [ Links ]
Harrison, David, 1995, "Development of Tourism in Swaziland", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, num. 1, Menomonie. [ Links ]
Harrison, Julia D., 2003, Beinga Tourist: Finding Meaning in Pleasure Travel, Vancouver, The University of British Columbia Press [ Links ]
Hennink, Monique, Philip Cooper e Ian Diamond, 2000, "Seasonal Work and Sexual Behaviour", The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 37, num. 2, Oxford. [ Links ]
Hughes, Donna, 1996, "Sex Tours via the Internet", Agenda, num. 28, Cape Town. [ Links ]
Jafari, Jafar, 2007, "Modelos del turismo. Los aspectos socioculturales", en David Lagunas (coord.), Antropología y turismo. Claves culturales y disciplinares, México, Plaza y Valdés. [ Links ]
Jeffreys, Sheila, 2002, "Reviewed Work: No Hiding Place: Child Sex Tourism and the Role of Extraterritorial Legislation", Contemporary Sociology, vol. 31, Pennsylvania. [ Links ]
Juliano, Dolores, 2001, El espejo oscuro: la prostitución, Barcelona, Icaria. [ Links ]
Kahn, Miriam, 2000, "Tahiti Intertwined: Ancestral Land, Tourist Postcard, and Nuclear Test Site", American Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 102, num. 1, Arlington. [ Links ]
Kempadoo, Kamala, 2001, "Freelancers, Temporary Wives, and Beach–Boys: Researching Sex Work in the Caribbean", Feminist Review, num. 67, Londres. [ Links ]
Kempadoo, Kamala (editor), 1999, Sun, Sex and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean, Boulder, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. [ Links ]
Kilvington, Judith, Sophie Day y Helen Ward, 2001, "Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?", Feminist Review, num. 67, Londres. [ Links ]
Lie, John, 1995, "The Transformation of Sexual Work in 20th–century Korea", Gender and Society, vol. 9, num. 3, Kansas City. [ Links ]
Littlewood, Ian, 2001, Sultry Climates: Travel and Sex since the Grand Tour, Londres, John Murray. [ Links ]
MacCannell, Dean, 1999, El turista. Una nueva teoría de la clase ociosa, Barcelona, Melusina. [ Links ]
Manderson, Lenore, 1992, "Public Sex Performances in Patpong and Explorations of the Edges of Imagination", The journal of Sex Research, vol. 29, num. 4, Oxford. [ Links ]
McCamish, Malcolm, 2002, "The Structural Relationships of Support from Male Sex Workers in Pattaya to Rural Parents in Thailand", Culture, Health & Sexuality, vol. 4, num. 3, Londres. [ Links ]
Michel, Frank, 2006, Planéte sexe, París, Homnisphéres. [ Links ]
Moon, Katharine H.S., 1999, "South Korean Movements against Militarized Sexual Labor", Asian Survey, vol. 39, num. 2, Berkeley. [ Links ]
Nagel, Joane, 2000, "Ethnicity and Sexuality", Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 26, Palo Alto. [ Links ]
Nagle, Jill (editor), 1997, Whores and Other Feminists, Nueva York, Routledge. [ Links ]
Nash, Dennison, 1996, Anthropology of Tourism, Nueva York, Pergamon. [ Links ]
Nash, Dennison, 1992, "El turismo considerado como una forma de imperialismo", en Valene L. Smith (ed.), Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Nussbaum, Martha, 2006, "Whether from Reason or Prejudice. Taking Money for Bodily Services", en Prostitution and Pornography. Philosophical Debate about the Sex Industry, Stanford, Stanford University Press. [ Links ]
O'Connell Davidson, Julia, 1998, Prostitution, Power and Freedom, Cambridge, Polity. [ Links ]
Pettman, Jan Jindy, 1997, "Body Politics: International Sex Tourism", Third World Quarterly, vol. 18, num. 1, Londres. [ Links ]
Poutignat, Philippe y Jocelyne Streiff–Fénart, 2008, Theories de l'ethnicité, París, PUF. [ Links ]
Pratt, Mary Louisse, 1991, "Trabajo de campo en lugares comunes", en Retóricas de la antropología, Madrid, Júcar. [ Links ]
Reproductive Health Matters, 2004, vol. 12, num. 23, Londres. [ Links ]
Sanders, Teela, 2005, Sex Work. A Risky Business, Devon, Willan. [ Links ]
Santana, Agustín, 1997, Antropología y turismo. ¿Nuevas hordas, viejas culturas?, Barcelona, Ariel. [ Links ]
Shaw, Garethy Allan M. Williams, 2002, Critical Issues in Tourism. A Geographical Perspective, Oxford, Blackwell. [ Links ]
Simmons, Melanie, 1999, "Theorizing Prostitution. The Question of Agency", en Sex Work and Sex Workers, New Brunswick, Transaction. [ Links ]
Smith, Valene L. (comp.), 2000, Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Sreekumar, T.T. y Govindan Parayil, 2002, "Contentions and Contradictions of Tourism as Development Option: The Case of Kerala, India", Third World Quarterly, vol. 23, num. 3, Londres. [ Links ]
Truong, Thanh–Dam, 1990, Sex, Money and Morality: Prostitution and Tourism in Southeast Asia, Londres, Zed Books. [ Links ]
Turner, Victor, 1990, La selva de los símbolos, Madrid, Siglo XXI. [ Links ]
Veblen, Thorstein B., 2009, Teoría de la clase ociosa, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica. [ Links ]
Williams, Jill, 2008, "Spatial Transversals: Gender, Race, Class, and Tourism in Cape Town, South Africa", en Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Boston. [ Links ]
Wonders, Nancy A. y Michalowski, Raymond, 2001, "Bodies, Borders, and Sex Tourism in a Globalized World: ATale of Two Cities–Amsterdam and Havana", Social Problems, vol. 48, núm. 4, Berkeley.
Apostolopoulos, Yiorgos, 2001, "Introduction. Reinventing the Sociology of Tourism", en Yiorgos Apostolopoulos, Stella Leivadi y Andrew Yiannakis (eds.), The Sociology of Tourism. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Nueva York, Routledge.
Barry, Kathleen, 1995, The Prostitution of Sexuality, Nueva York, New York University Press.
Bauer, Thomas G. y Bob McKercher, 2003, "Conceptual Framework of the Nexus between Tourism, Romance and Sex", en Thomas G. Bauer y Bob McKercher (eds.), Sex and Tourism, journeys of Romance, Love and Lust, Nueva York, The Haworth Press.
Behbehanian, Laleh, 2000, "Policing the Illicit Peripheries of Egypt's Tourism Industry", Middle East Report, num. 216, Washington.
Bindel, Julie y Liz Kelly, 2004, A Critical Examination of Responses to Prostitution in Four Countries: Victoria–Australia, Ireland, The Netherlands, Sweden, Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University.
Bishop, Ryan y Lillian S. Robinson, 1998, Night Market. Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle, Nueva York, Routledge.
Brace, Laura y Julia O'Connell Davidson, 2000, "Minding the Gap: General and Substantive Theorizing on Power and Exploitation", Signs, vol. 25, num. 4, Chicago.
Brennan, Denise, 2004, "Women Work, Men Sponge, and Everyone Gossips: Macho Men and Stigmatized/ing Women in a Sex Tourist Town", Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 77, num. 4, Washington.
Burns, Peter M., 2002, An Introduction to Tourism and Anthropology, Londres, Routledge.
Cardin, Alberto, 1990, Lo próximo y lo ajeno, Barcelona, Icaria.
Clifford, James, 1999, Itinerarios transculturales, Barcelona, Gedisa.
Crick, Malcolm, 1989, "Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings, and Servility", Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 18, Palo Alto.
Crick, Malcolm, 1995, "The Anthropologist as Tourist: An Identity in Question", en Marie–Francoise Lanfant, John Allock y Edward Bruner (eds.), International Tourism: Identity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Dank, Barry M., 1999, "Sex Work, Sex Workers, and Beyond", en Barry M. Dank y Roberto Refinetti (dir.), Sex Work and Sex Workers, New Brunswick, Transaction.
Delacoste, Frédérique y Priscilla Alexander (editores), 1987, Sex Work. Writings by Women in the Sex Industry, San Francisco, Cleiss.
Diario de Yucatán, 15 de junio de 2009.
Dubinsky, Karen, 1999, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honey–mooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
El Universal, 17 de junio de 2009.
El Universal, 20 de junio de 2009.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, 2001, Small Places, Large Issues. An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology, Londres, Pluto Press.
Esteva Fabregat, Claudio, 2009, Comunicación personal, Guadalajara.
Farley, Melissa, 2006, "Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly", The Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, vol. 18, New Haven.
Frohlick, Susan y Ana Dragojlovic, 2010, Session on "Pleasure Travel, Affect, and Multiple Desires: Loving, Lusting and Other Feelings Away from Home", en Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Emotional Geographies Conference, Adelaide, [inédito].
Gap Min, Pyong, 2003, "Korean 'Comfort Women': The Intersection of Colonial Power, Gender, and Class", Gender and Society, vol. 17, num. 6, Kansas City.
Geertz, Clifford, 2002, Reflexiones antropológicas sobre temas filosóficos, Barcelona, Paidós.
Gerstenberger, Katharina, 2003, "Play Zones: The Erotics of the New Berlin", The German Quarterly, vol. 76, num. 3, Durham.
Gmelch, George, 2003, Behind the Smile: The Working Lives of Caribbean Tourism, Bloomington, Indiana University.
Goffman, Erving, 1993, La presentación de la persona en la vida cotidiana, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu. [ Links ]
Graburn, Nelson, 1992, "Turismo: el viaje sagrado", en Valene L. Smith (ed.), Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Graburn, Nelson, 1983, "The Anthropology of Tourism", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 10, num. 1, Menomonie. [ Links ]
Hall, C. Michael y Ryan, Chris, 2001, Sex Tourism. Marginal People and Liminalities, Londres, Routledge. [ Links ]
Harrison, David, 2000, "Sex Tourism", en Encyclopedia of Tourism, Nueva York, Routledge. [ Links ]
Harrison, David, 1995, "Development of Tourism in Swaziland", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, num. 1, Menomonie. [ Links ]
Harrison, Julia D., 2003, Beinga Tourist: Finding Meaning in Pleasure Travel, Vancouver, The University of British Columbia Press [ Links ]
Hennink, Monique, Philip Cooper e Ian Diamond, 2000, "Seasonal Work and Sexual Behaviour", The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 37, num. 2, Oxford. [ Links ]
Hughes, Donna, 1996, "Sex Tours via the Internet", Agenda, num. 28, Cape Town. [ Links ]
Jafari, Jafar, 2007, "Modelos del turismo. Los aspectos socioculturales", en David Lagunas (coord.), Antropología y turismo. Claves culturales y disciplinares, México, Plaza y Valdés. [ Links ]
Jeffreys, Sheila, 2002, "Reviewed Work: No Hiding Place: Child Sex Tourism and the Role of Extraterritorial Legislation", Contemporary Sociology, vol. 31, Pennsylvania. [ Links ]
Juliano, Dolores, 2001, El espejo oscuro: la prostitución, Barcelona, Icaria. [ Links ]
Kahn, Miriam, 2000, "Tahiti Intertwined: Ancestral Land, Tourist Postcard, and Nuclear Test Site", American Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 102, num. 1, Arlington. [ Links ]
Kempadoo, Kamala, 2001, "Freelancers, Temporary Wives, and Beach–Boys: Researching Sex Work in the Caribbean", Feminist Review, num. 67, Londres. [ Links ]
Kempadoo, Kamala (editor), 1999, Sun, Sex and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in the Caribbean, Boulder, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. [ Links ]
Kilvington, Judith, Sophie Day y Helen Ward, 2001, "Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?", Feminist Review, num. 67, Londres. [ Links ]
Lie, John, 1995, "The Transformation of Sexual Work in 20th–century Korea", Gender and Society, vol. 9, num. 3, Kansas City. [ Links ]
Littlewood, Ian, 2001, Sultry Climates: Travel and Sex since the Grand Tour, Londres, John Murray. [ Links ]
MacCannell, Dean, 1999, El turista. Una nueva teoría de la clase ociosa, Barcelona, Melusina. [ Links ]
Manderson, Lenore, 1992, "Public Sex Performances in Patpong and Explorations of the Edges of Imagination", The journal of Sex Research, vol. 29, num. 4, Oxford. [ Links ]
McCamish, Malcolm, 2002, "The Structural Relationships of Support from Male Sex Workers in Pattaya to Rural Parents in Thailand", Culture, Health & Sexuality, vol. 4, num. 3, Londres. [ Links ]
Michel, Frank, 2006, Planéte sexe, París, Homnisphéres. [ Links ]
Moon, Katharine H.S., 1999, "South Korean Movements against Militarized Sexual Labor", Asian Survey, vol. 39, num. 2, Berkeley. [ Links ]
Nagel, Joane, 2000, "Ethnicity and Sexuality", Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 26, Palo Alto. [ Links ]
Nagle, Jill (editor), 1997, Whores and Other Feminists, Nueva York, Routledge. [ Links ]
Nash, Dennison, 1996, Anthropology of Tourism, Nueva York, Pergamon. [ Links ]
Nash, Dennison, 1992, "El turismo considerado como una forma de imperialismo", en Valene L. Smith (ed.), Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Nussbaum, Martha, 2006, "Whether from Reason or Prejudice. Taking Money for Bodily Services", en Prostitution and Pornography. Philosophical Debate about the Sex Industry, Stanford, Stanford University Press. [ Links ]
O'Connell Davidson, Julia, 1998, Prostitution, Power and Freedom, Cambridge, Polity. [ Links ]
Pettman, Jan Jindy, 1997, "Body Politics: International Sex Tourism", Third World Quarterly, vol. 18, num. 1, Londres. [ Links ]
Poutignat, Philippe y Jocelyne Streiff–Fénart, 2008, Theories de l'ethnicité, París, PUF. [ Links ]
Pratt, Mary Louisse, 1991, "Trabajo de campo en lugares comunes", en Retóricas de la antropología, Madrid, Júcar. [ Links ]
Reproductive Health Matters, 2004, vol. 12, num. 23, Londres. [ Links ]
Sanders, Teela, 2005, Sex Work. A Risky Business, Devon, Willan. [ Links ]
Santana, Agustín, 1997, Antropología y turismo. ¿Nuevas hordas, viejas culturas?, Barcelona, Ariel. [ Links ]
Shaw, Garethy Allan M. Williams, 2002, Critical Issues in Tourism. A Geographical Perspective, Oxford, Blackwell. [ Links ]
Simmons, Melanie, 1999, "Theorizing Prostitution. The Question of Agency", en Sex Work and Sex Workers, New Brunswick, Transaction. [ Links ]
Smith, Valene L. (comp.), 2000, Anfitriones e invitados. Antropología del turismo, Madrid, Endymion. [ Links ]
Sreekumar, T.T. y Govindan Parayil, 2002, "Contentions and Contradictions of Tourism as Development Option: The Case of Kerala, India", Third World Quarterly, vol. 23, num. 3, Londres. [ Links ]
Truong, Thanh–Dam, 1990, Sex, Money and Morality: Prostitution and Tourism in Southeast Asia, Londres, Zed Books. [ Links ]
Turner, Victor, 1990, La selva de los símbolos, Madrid, Siglo XXI. [ Links ]
Veblen, Thorstein B., 2009, Teoría de la clase ociosa, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica. [ Links ]
Williams, Jill, 2008, "Spatial Transversals: Gender, Race, Class, and Tourism in Cape Town, South Africa", en Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Boston. [ Links ]
Wonders, Nancy A. y Michalowski, Raymond, 2001, "Bodies, Borders, and Sex Tourism in a Globalized World: ATale of Two Cities–Amsterdam and Havana", Social Problems, vol. 48, núm. 4, Berkeley.
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Lagunas, D. (2010). El poder del dinero y el poder del sexo. Antropología del turismo sexual. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 18(36), 71–98. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1836-071-2010
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Derechos de autor 2010 Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, sede México
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
