Partidos políticos: un ejercicio de clasificación teórica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1733-039-2009Palabras clave:
partidos políticos, perspectivas teóricas, literatura clásica y postclásica, agendas de investigación.Resumen
Es fama que Moisei Ostrogorski escribió en 1902 el primer libro sobre los partidos modernos. Para él, los partidos han sido exitosos en asegurarse el trabajo de la maquinaria gubernamental, pero han "fracasado miserablemente" en respaldar el poder de los ciudadanos (1964: 539). Los partidos, pensó Ostrogorski, deben desaparecer. Pero los partidos continúan vivos y, de entonces a la fecha, inspiran una gran literatura. Este artículo analiza esa literatura internacional (definición, historia, crisis y postcrisis de los partidos). El producto es un ensayo de clasificación teórica útil para estudiantes y especialistas.Descargas
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Citas
Alcántara, Manuel, 2004, ¿Instituciones o máquinas ideológicas? Origen, programa y organización de los partidos políticos latinoamericanos, Barcelona, ICPS.
Aldrich, John, 1995, Why parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America, Chicago, University Press.
Appleton, Andrew y Daniel Ward, 1995, "Measuring Party Organization in the United States. An Assessment and a New Approach", Party Politics, 1(1), Reino Unido.
Bartolini, Stefano, Daniel Caramani y Simon Hug, 1998, Parties and Party Systems: A Biographical Guide to the Literature on Parties and Party Systems in Europe since 1945 (CD–Rom), Londres, Sage.
Beyme, Klaus von, 1986 (1982), Los partidos políticos en las democracias occidentales, Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Biezen, Ingrid van, 2003, Political Parties in New Democracies. Party Organizations in Southern and East–Central Europe, Londres, Palgrave Macmillan.
Blondel, Jean, 1978, Political Parties. A Genuine Case for Discontent? , Londres, Wildwood.
Burin, Frederic y Kurt Shell, 1969, Politics, Law, and Social Change. Selected Essays of Otto Kirchheimer, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Cavarozzi, Marcelo y Juan Abal (comps.), 2002, El asedio a la política. Los partidos latinoamericanos en la era neoliberal, Buenos Aires, Konrad Adenauer/Homo Sapiens. [ Links ]
Charlot, Jean, 1987 (1971), Los partidos políticos, México, Hispánicas.
Crewe, Ivor y David Denver (eds.), 1985, Electoral Change in Western Democracies. Patterns and Sources of Electoral Volatility, Nueva York, St. Martin's Press.
Crotty, William, 2006, "Party Origins and Evolution in the United States", en Richard Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Daalder, Hans, 1983, "The Comparative Study of European Parties and Party Systems: an Overview", en H. Daalder y Peter Mair (eds.), Party Systems. Continuity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Dalton, Russell, et al. (eds.), 1984, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princeton, UP.
Detterbeck, Klaus, 2005, "Cartel Parties in Western Europe?", Party Politics, 11(2), Reino Unido.
Diamant, Alfred, 1952, "Les partis politiques", The Journal of Politics, 14(4), Estados Unidos.
Dittrich, Karl, 1983, "Testing the Catch–all Thesis: Some Difficulties and Possibilities", en H. Daalder y P. Mair (eds.), Party Systems. Continuity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Downs, Anthony, 1973 [1957], Teoría económica de la democracia, Madrid, Aguilar.
Duverger, Maurice, 1957 [1951], Los partidos políticos, México, FCE.
Epstein, Leon, 1967, Political Parties in Western Democracies, Nueva York, Praeger.
Flanagan, S. y R. Dalton, 1984, "Parties under Stress: Realignment and Dealignment in Advanced Industrial Societies", West European Politics, 7(1), Reino Unido.
Freidenberg, Flavia y Steven Levitsky, 2007, "Organización informal de los partidos en América Latina", Desarrollo Económico, 46(184), Argentina.
Gunther, Richard y Larry Diamond, 2001, "Types and Functions of Parties", en L. Diamond y R. Gunther (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Gunther, R., José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Hodgkin, Thomas, 1961, African Political Parties, Londres, Penguin.
Inglehart, Roland, 1977, The Silent Revolution. Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Nueva Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Janda, Kenneth, 1993, "Comparative Political Parties: Research and Theories", en Ada Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The State of Discipline II, Washington, American Political Science Association.
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 2002, "The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Change in Twentieth–Century Democracies", en R. Gunther, José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 1995, "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy. The Emergence of the Cartel Party", Party Politics, 1(1), Reino Unido (traducción en Zona Abierta, 2004, 108/108, Madrid).
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 1994, How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, Londres, Sage.
Katz, R. y P. Mair (eds.), 1992, Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, Londres, Sage.
Katz, R. y W. Crotty (eds.), 2006, Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Katznelson, Ira y Helen Milner (eds.), 2002, Political Science: The State of Discipline, Washington, American Political Science Association.
Key, Vladimir, 1962 (1955), Política, partidos y grupos de presión, Madrid, Estudios Políticos.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1966, "The Transformation of the Western European Party System", en LaPalombara, Joseph y Myron Weiner (eds.), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, University Press (traducido como "El camino hacia el partido de todo el mundo", en Kurt Lenk y Franz Neumann (eds.), 1980, Teoría y sociología. Críticas de los partidos políticos, Barcelona, Anagrama.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1954b, "Party Structures and Mass Democracy in Europe", en E Burin y K. Shell, Politics, Law, and Social Change, Selected Essays of Otto Kirchheimer, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1954a, "Notes on the Political Scene in Western Germany", World Politics, 6(3), Reino Unido.
Kitschelt, Herbert, 1989, The Logics of Party Formation. Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany, Londres, Cornell University Press.
Koole, Ruud, 1996, "Cadre, Catch–all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party", Party Politics, 2(4), Reino Unido.
Krehbiel, Keith, 1993, "Where is the Party?", British Journal of Political Science, 23(2), Reino Unido.
Krouwel, André, 2006, "Party Models", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Krouwel, André, 2003, "Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch–all Party", West European Politics, 26(2), Reino Unido.
LaPalombara, Joseph y Myron Weiner (eds.), 1966, Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, University Press.
Lavau, George, 1953, Partis politiques et rèalitès sociales, París, Armand Colin.
Lawson, Kay, 1976, The Comparative Study of Political Parties, Nueva York, St. Martin's Press.
Lawson, Kay y Peter Merkl (eds.), 1988, When Parties Fail. Emerging Alternative Organizations, Princeton, University Press.
Lawson, Kay y Thomas Poguntke (eds.), 2004, How Political Parties Respond. Interest Aggregation Revisited, Nueva York, Routledge.
Linz, Juan, 2002, "Parties in Contemporary Democracies: Problems and Paradoxes", en R. Gunther, J. R. Montero y J. Linz (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour y Stein Rokkan, 1967, "Cleavages Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: and Introduction", en S. Lipset y S. Rokkan (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments, Nueva York, Free Press (traducido en Albert Batlle (ed.), 1992, Diez textos básicos de ciencia política, Barcelona, Ariel).
Lösche, Peter, 1997, "Anarquía levemente acoplada. Acerca de la situación actual de los partidos populares: el ejemplo del Partido Socialdemócrata alemán", Foro Internacional, 37(1), México.
Mair, P., 2006b, "Party System Change", en Richard Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Mair, P., 2006a, "Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy", New Left Review, 42, Estados Unidos, (traducido en New Left Review, edición en español, núm. 1 de 2007).
Mair, P., 1997, Party System Change. Approaches and Interpretations, Oxford, Clarendon.
Mair, P., 1993, "Myths of Electoral Change and the Survival of Traditional Parties", European Journal of Political Research, 24(2), Holanda.
Martínez, Víctor, 2008, Modelos post–clásicos de partidos. Un estudio de los estudios contemporáneos 1990–2007 (investigación postdoctoral, UNAM, próxima publicación).
Martínez, Víctor, 2007, "Partido catch–all", en Francisco Aparicio (comp.), Grandes temas para un observatorio electoral ciudadano, vol. 3: Sistema político electoral, México, IEDF.
McKenzie, Robert, 1960 [1958], Partidos políticos británicos, Madrid, Taurus.
Merriam, Charles, 1922, The American Party System, Nueva York, Macmillan.
Michels, Robert, 1962 [1911], Los partidos políticos, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu.
Montero, J.R. y R. Gunther, 2002, "Reviewing and Reassessing Parties", en Gunther, R., J.R. Montero y J. Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts And New Challenges, Oxford, University Press (traducido en Revista de Estudios Políticos, 2002, 118, Madrid).
Neumann, Sigmund, 1965 [1956], Partidos políticos modernos, Madrid, Tecnos.
Ostrogorski, Moisei, 1964 [1902], Democracy and Organization of Political Parties, Nueva York, Anchor Books.
Panebianco, Angelo, 1990 [1982], Modelos de partido, Madrid, Alianza.
Poguntke, T., 1987, "New Politics and Party Systems: the Emergence of a New Type of Party?", West European Politics, 10(1), Reino Unido.
Pomper, Gerald, 1992, "Concepts of Political Parties", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 4(2), Reino Unido.
Randall, Vicky y Lars Svåsand, 2002, "Party Institutionalization in New Democracies", Party Politics, 8(1), Reino Unido.
Reiter, Howard, 1989, "Party Decline in the West. A Skeptic's View", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1(3), Reino Unido.
Reveles, Francisco, 2008, Partidos políticos en México. Apuntes teóricos, México, UNAM/Gernika.
Ruiz, Leticia, 2007, La coherencia partidista en América Latina. Parlamentarios y partidos, Madrid, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.
Sartori, Giovanni, 1980 (1976), Partidos y sistemas de partidos, Madrid, Alianza.
Sartori, G., 2005, "Party Types, Organization and Functions", West European Politics, 28(1), Reino Unido.
Scarrow, Susan, 2006, "The Nineteenth–Century Origins of Modern Political Parties: the Unwanted Emergence of Party–Based Politics", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Scarrow, Susan, 2002, "Party Decline in the Parties State? The Changing Environment of German Politics", en Paul Webb, David Farrell y Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, University Press.
Scarrow, Susan, 2000, "Parties without Members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral Environment", en R. Dalton y Martin Wattenberg (eds.), Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, UP.
Schmitter, Phillipe, 2001, "Parties Are not what they once Were", en L. Diamond y R. Gunther (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph, 1996 (1942), Capitalismo, socialismo y democracia, Madrid, Folios.
Strøm, Kaare y L. Svåsand, 1997, Challenges to Political Parties. The Case of Norway, Michigan, Ann Arbor/Michigan Press.
Van Cott, Donna Lee, 2007, From Movements to Parties in Latin America. The Evolution of Ethnic Politics, Estados Unidos, Cambridge University Press.
Ware, Alan, 1996/2004, Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford, University Press (traducido por Istmo, Madrid).
Webb, Paul, 2005, "Political Parties and the Democracy: the Ambiguos Crisis", Democratization, 12(5).
Webb, Paul, et al. (eds.), 2002, Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, University Press.
Weber, Max, 1979 (1922), Economía y sociedad, México, FCE.
Weber, Max, 1967 (1919), "La política como vocación", en M. Weber, El político y el científico, Madrid, Alianza.
Wildavsky, Aaron, 1959, "A Methodological Critique of Duverger's Political Parties", The Journal of Politics, 21(2).
Wolinetz, Steven, 2006, "Party Systems and Party Systems Types", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Wolinetz, Steven, 2004, Classifying Party Systems: Where Have all the Typologies Gone?, ponencia presentada en la Reunión Anual de la Asociación de Ciencia Política de Canadá, junio.
Wolinetz, Steven, 2002, "Beyond the Catch–all Party: Approaches to the Study of Parties and Party Organization in Contemporary Democracies", en R. Gunther, José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Wolinetz, Steven, 1991, "Party System Change: the Catch–all Thesis Revisited", West European Politics, 14(1), Reino Unido.
Wolinetz, Steven, 1979, "The Transformation of Western European Party Systems Revisited", West European Politics, 2(1), Reino Unido.
Aldrich, John, 1995, Why parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America, Chicago, University Press.
Appleton, Andrew y Daniel Ward, 1995, "Measuring Party Organization in the United States. An Assessment and a New Approach", Party Politics, 1(1), Reino Unido.
Bartolini, Stefano, Daniel Caramani y Simon Hug, 1998, Parties and Party Systems: A Biographical Guide to the Literature on Parties and Party Systems in Europe since 1945 (CD–Rom), Londres, Sage.
Beyme, Klaus von, 1986 (1982), Los partidos políticos en las democracias occidentales, Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Biezen, Ingrid van, 2003, Political Parties in New Democracies. Party Organizations in Southern and East–Central Europe, Londres, Palgrave Macmillan.
Blondel, Jean, 1978, Political Parties. A Genuine Case for Discontent? , Londres, Wildwood.
Burin, Frederic y Kurt Shell, 1969, Politics, Law, and Social Change. Selected Essays of Otto Kirchheimer, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Cavarozzi, Marcelo y Juan Abal (comps.), 2002, El asedio a la política. Los partidos latinoamericanos en la era neoliberal, Buenos Aires, Konrad Adenauer/Homo Sapiens. [ Links ]
Charlot, Jean, 1987 (1971), Los partidos políticos, México, Hispánicas.
Crewe, Ivor y David Denver (eds.), 1985, Electoral Change in Western Democracies. Patterns and Sources of Electoral Volatility, Nueva York, St. Martin's Press.
Crotty, William, 2006, "Party Origins and Evolution in the United States", en Richard Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Daalder, Hans, 1983, "The Comparative Study of European Parties and Party Systems: an Overview", en H. Daalder y Peter Mair (eds.), Party Systems. Continuity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Dalton, Russell, et al. (eds.), 1984, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princeton, UP.
Detterbeck, Klaus, 2005, "Cartel Parties in Western Europe?", Party Politics, 11(2), Reino Unido.
Diamant, Alfred, 1952, "Les partis politiques", The Journal of Politics, 14(4), Estados Unidos.
Dittrich, Karl, 1983, "Testing the Catch–all Thesis: Some Difficulties and Possibilities", en H. Daalder y P. Mair (eds.), Party Systems. Continuity and Change, Londres, Sage.
Downs, Anthony, 1973 [1957], Teoría económica de la democracia, Madrid, Aguilar.
Duverger, Maurice, 1957 [1951], Los partidos políticos, México, FCE.
Epstein, Leon, 1967, Political Parties in Western Democracies, Nueva York, Praeger.
Flanagan, S. y R. Dalton, 1984, "Parties under Stress: Realignment and Dealignment in Advanced Industrial Societies", West European Politics, 7(1), Reino Unido.
Freidenberg, Flavia y Steven Levitsky, 2007, "Organización informal de los partidos en América Latina", Desarrollo Económico, 46(184), Argentina.
Gunther, Richard y Larry Diamond, 2001, "Types and Functions of Parties", en L. Diamond y R. Gunther (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Gunther, R., José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Hodgkin, Thomas, 1961, African Political Parties, Londres, Penguin.
Inglehart, Roland, 1977, The Silent Revolution. Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Nueva Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Janda, Kenneth, 1993, "Comparative Political Parties: Research and Theories", en Ada Finifter (ed.), Political Science: The State of Discipline II, Washington, American Political Science Association.
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 2002, "The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Change in Twentieth–Century Democracies", en R. Gunther, José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 1995, "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy. The Emergence of the Cartel Party", Party Politics, 1(1), Reino Unido (traducción en Zona Abierta, 2004, 108/108, Madrid).
Katz, R. y P. Mair, 1994, How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, Londres, Sage.
Katz, R. y P. Mair (eds.), 1992, Party Organizations: A Data Handbook on Party Organizations in Western Democracies, Londres, Sage.
Katz, R. y W. Crotty (eds.), 2006, Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Katznelson, Ira y Helen Milner (eds.), 2002, Political Science: The State of Discipline, Washington, American Political Science Association.
Key, Vladimir, 1962 (1955), Política, partidos y grupos de presión, Madrid, Estudios Políticos.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1966, "The Transformation of the Western European Party System", en LaPalombara, Joseph y Myron Weiner (eds.), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, University Press (traducido como "El camino hacia el partido de todo el mundo", en Kurt Lenk y Franz Neumann (eds.), 1980, Teoría y sociología. Críticas de los partidos políticos, Barcelona, Anagrama.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1954b, "Party Structures and Mass Democracy in Europe", en E Burin y K. Shell, Politics, Law, and Social Change, Selected Essays of Otto Kirchheimer, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Kirchheimer, Otto, 1954a, "Notes on the Political Scene in Western Germany", World Politics, 6(3), Reino Unido.
Kitschelt, Herbert, 1989, The Logics of Party Formation. Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany, Londres, Cornell University Press.
Koole, Ruud, 1996, "Cadre, Catch–all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party", Party Politics, 2(4), Reino Unido.
Krehbiel, Keith, 1993, "Where is the Party?", British Journal of Political Science, 23(2), Reino Unido.
Krouwel, André, 2006, "Party Models", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Krouwel, André, 2003, "Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch–all Party", West European Politics, 26(2), Reino Unido.
LaPalombara, Joseph y Myron Weiner (eds.), 1966, Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, University Press.
Lavau, George, 1953, Partis politiques et rèalitès sociales, París, Armand Colin.
Lawson, Kay, 1976, The Comparative Study of Political Parties, Nueva York, St. Martin's Press.
Lawson, Kay y Peter Merkl (eds.), 1988, When Parties Fail. Emerging Alternative Organizations, Princeton, University Press.
Lawson, Kay y Thomas Poguntke (eds.), 2004, How Political Parties Respond. Interest Aggregation Revisited, Nueva York, Routledge.
Linz, Juan, 2002, "Parties in Contemporary Democracies: Problems and Paradoxes", en R. Gunther, J. R. Montero y J. Linz (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour y Stein Rokkan, 1967, "Cleavages Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: and Introduction", en S. Lipset y S. Rokkan (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments, Nueva York, Free Press (traducido en Albert Batlle (ed.), 1992, Diez textos básicos de ciencia política, Barcelona, Ariel).
Lösche, Peter, 1997, "Anarquía levemente acoplada. Acerca de la situación actual de los partidos populares: el ejemplo del Partido Socialdemócrata alemán", Foro Internacional, 37(1), México.
Mair, P., 2006b, "Party System Change", en Richard Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Mair, P., 2006a, "Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy", New Left Review, 42, Estados Unidos, (traducido en New Left Review, edición en español, núm. 1 de 2007).
Mair, P., 1997, Party System Change. Approaches and Interpretations, Oxford, Clarendon.
Mair, P., 1993, "Myths of Electoral Change and the Survival of Traditional Parties", European Journal of Political Research, 24(2), Holanda.
Martínez, Víctor, 2008, Modelos post–clásicos de partidos. Un estudio de los estudios contemporáneos 1990–2007 (investigación postdoctoral, UNAM, próxima publicación).
Martínez, Víctor, 2007, "Partido catch–all", en Francisco Aparicio (comp.), Grandes temas para un observatorio electoral ciudadano, vol. 3: Sistema político electoral, México, IEDF.
McKenzie, Robert, 1960 [1958], Partidos políticos británicos, Madrid, Taurus.
Merriam, Charles, 1922, The American Party System, Nueva York, Macmillan.
Michels, Robert, 1962 [1911], Los partidos políticos, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu.
Montero, J.R. y R. Gunther, 2002, "Reviewing and Reassessing Parties", en Gunther, R., J.R. Montero y J. Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts And New Challenges, Oxford, University Press (traducido en Revista de Estudios Políticos, 2002, 118, Madrid).
Neumann, Sigmund, 1965 [1956], Partidos políticos modernos, Madrid, Tecnos.
Ostrogorski, Moisei, 1964 [1902], Democracy and Organization of Political Parties, Nueva York, Anchor Books.
Panebianco, Angelo, 1990 [1982], Modelos de partido, Madrid, Alianza.
Poguntke, T., 1987, "New Politics and Party Systems: the Emergence of a New Type of Party?", West European Politics, 10(1), Reino Unido.
Pomper, Gerald, 1992, "Concepts of Political Parties", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 4(2), Reino Unido.
Randall, Vicky y Lars Svåsand, 2002, "Party Institutionalization in New Democracies", Party Politics, 8(1), Reino Unido.
Reiter, Howard, 1989, "Party Decline in the West. A Skeptic's View", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1(3), Reino Unido.
Reveles, Francisco, 2008, Partidos políticos en México. Apuntes teóricos, México, UNAM/Gernika.
Ruiz, Leticia, 2007, La coherencia partidista en América Latina. Parlamentarios y partidos, Madrid, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.
Sartori, Giovanni, 1980 (1976), Partidos y sistemas de partidos, Madrid, Alianza.
Sartori, G., 2005, "Party Types, Organization and Functions", West European Politics, 28(1), Reino Unido.
Scarrow, Susan, 2006, "The Nineteenth–Century Origins of Modern Political Parties: the Unwanted Emergence of Party–Based Politics", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Scarrow, Susan, 2002, "Party Decline in the Parties State? The Changing Environment of German Politics", en Paul Webb, David Farrell y Ian Holliday (eds.), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, University Press.
Scarrow, Susan, 2000, "Parties without Members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral Environment", en R. Dalton y Martin Wattenberg (eds.), Parties without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, UP.
Schmitter, Phillipe, 2001, "Parties Are not what they once Were", en L. Diamond y R. Gunther (eds.), Political Parties and Democracies, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph, 1996 (1942), Capitalismo, socialismo y democracia, Madrid, Folios.
Strøm, Kaare y L. Svåsand, 1997, Challenges to Political Parties. The Case of Norway, Michigan, Ann Arbor/Michigan Press.
Van Cott, Donna Lee, 2007, From Movements to Parties in Latin America. The Evolution of Ethnic Politics, Estados Unidos, Cambridge University Press.
Ware, Alan, 1996/2004, Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford, University Press (traducido por Istmo, Madrid).
Webb, Paul, 2005, "Political Parties and the Democracy: the Ambiguos Crisis", Democratization, 12(5).
Webb, Paul, et al. (eds.), 2002, Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford, University Press.
Weber, Max, 1979 (1922), Economía y sociedad, México, FCE.
Weber, Max, 1967 (1919), "La política como vocación", en M. Weber, El político y el científico, Madrid, Alianza.
Wildavsky, Aaron, 1959, "A Methodological Critique of Duverger's Political Parties", The Journal of Politics, 21(2).
Wolinetz, Steven, 2006, "Party Systems and Party Systems Types", en R. Katz y W. Crotty (eds.), Handbook of Party Politics, Londres, Sage.
Wolinetz, Steven, 2004, Classifying Party Systems: Where Have all the Typologies Gone?, ponencia presentada en la Reunión Anual de la Asociación de Ciencia Política de Canadá, junio.
Wolinetz, Steven, 2002, "Beyond the Catch–all Party: Approaches to the Study of Parties and Party Organization in Contemporary Democracies", en R. Gunther, José Ramón Montero y Juan Linz (eds.), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford, University Press.
Wolinetz, Steven, 1991, "Party System Change: the Catch–all Thesis Revisited", West European Politics, 14(1), Reino Unido.
Wolinetz, Steven, 1979, "The Transformation of Western European Party Systems Revisited", West European Politics, 2(1), Reino Unido.
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2009-01-01
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Martínez López, V. H. (2009). Partidos políticos: un ejercicio de clasificación teórica. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 17(33), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl1733-039-2009
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
