Repensando la relación entre democracia y representación: algunas propuestas para ampliar el canon democrático
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2141-045-2013Palabras clave:
representación política, democracia, legitimidad, rendición de cuentas, gobernanza, deliberación.Resumen
Repensar el concepto de representación política es indispensable para entender diversos desafíos de la democracia contemporánea. Sin embargo, una revisión de la relevancia democrática de la representación se ve limitada por una noción ampliamente aceptada: que la representación y la democracia constituyen principios opuestos y en conflicto. Mientras que la democracia requiere mayor participación popular, la representación supondría elitismo y distanciamiento político. En este trabajo argumentaré que tal planteamiento es desacertado. Asimismo, haré una revisión de los componentes normativos de la democracia, y discutiré el concepto de representación política. Señalaré que la representación se compone de diversos procesos públicos de autorización, control y justificación que son la clave de las múltiples manifestaciones de la política democrática.
Abstract
Rethinking political representation is necessary to understand many contemporary democratic challenges. However, a widely accepted view states that democracy and representation are two irreconcilable principles, thus hindering the theoretical assessment of political representation's democratic relevance. According to this view, what democracy needs is more popular participation; instead, representation involves elitism and political detachment. In this paper I will argue that such a view is inaccurate. Through the reconstruction of the democratic ideal, and the discussion of the concept of political representation, I intend to show that processes of political authorization, accountability and public justification are both elements of political representation and expression of democratic politics.
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Alonso, Sonia, John Keane y Wolfgang Merkel, 2011, "Editor's Introduction: Rethinking the Future of Representative Democracy", en Sonia Alonso, John Keane y Wolfgang Merkel, The Future of Representative Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-22.
Arrow, Kenneth, 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, 2009, "Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization", en Haerpfer, Christian W., Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart y Christian Welzel (eds.), Democratizations, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 41-54.
Bohman, James, 2010, Democracy across Borders: From Demos to Demoi, Cambridge, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Bovens, Mark, 2010, "Two Concepts of Accountability: Accountability as a Virtue and as a Mechanism", West European Politics, vol. 33, núm. 5, pp. 946-967.
Carroll, Royce y Matthew Soberg Shugart, 2007, "Neo-Madisonian Theory and Latin American Institutons", en Gerardo L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 51-101.
Chambers, Simone, 2003, "Deliberative Democratic Theory", Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 5, pp. 307-326.
Cheibub, José Antonio, 2007, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Colomer, Josep y Gabriel Negretto, 2005, "Can Presidentialism Work Like Parliamentarism?", Government & Opposition, pp. 60-89.
Cox, Gary y Mathew D. McCubbins, 2001, "The Institutional Determinants of Economic Policy Outcomes", en Stephan Haggard y Mathew D. McCubbins (eds.), Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-63
Dahl, Robert, 1971, Poliarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert, 1989, Democracy and Its Critics, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Dryzek, John, 2000, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Ferejohn, John, 1999, "Accountability and Authority: Towards a Theory of Political Accountability", en Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes y Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131-153.
Ferejohn, John y Frances Rosenbluth, 2009, "Electoral Representation and the Aristocratic Thesis", en Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood y Alexander S. Kirshner, (eds.), Political Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 271-304.
Fung, Archon, 2006, "Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance", Public Administration Review, vol. 66, pp. 66–75
Fung, Archon y Erik Olin-Wright, 2003, Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, Londres, Verso.
Gallagher, Michael y Paul Mitchell (eds.), 2005, The Politics of Electoral Systems, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Garsten, Bryan, 2009, "Representative Government and Popular Sovereignty", en Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood y Alexander S. Kirshner (eds.), Political Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90-110.
Gerring, John y Strom Thacker, 2008, A Centripetal Theory of Democratic Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Gurza Lavalle, Adrián y Ernesto Isunza Vera, 2010, "Precisiones conceptuales para el debate contemporáneo sobre la innovación democrática", en Ernesto Isunza Vera y Adrián Gurza Lavalle (coords.), La innovación democrática en América Latina. Tramas y nudos de la representación, la participación y el control social, México, CIESAS-Universidad Veracruzana, pp. 19-82.
Gutmann, Amy y Dennis Thompson, 2004, Why Deliberative Democracy?, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen, 1998, Facticidad y validez, Madrid, Trotta.
Held, David, 2006, Models of Democracy, 3a. edición, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1994, La Tercera Ola: democratizaciones a finales del siglo XX, México, Paidós.
Lijphart, Arend, 2000, Modelos de democracia, Barcelona, Ariel.
Manin Bernard, 1997, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Manin, Bernard, Adam Przeworski y Susan Stokes, 1999, "Elections and Representation", en Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes y Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-55.
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Mansbridge, Jane, 2009, "A «Selection Model» of Political Representation", Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 17, núm. 4, pp. 369-398.
Maravall, José María, 2006, "Accountability and the Survival of Governments", en Charles Boix y Susan Stokes, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 910-939.
Munck, Gerardo, 2007, "The Study of Politics and Democracy: Touchstones of a Research Agenda", en Gerardo L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 25-38.
Pateman, Carol, 1976, Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Peruzzotti, Enrique y Andrew Seele, 2009, "Participatory Innovation and Representative Democracy in Latin America", en Andrew Seele y Enrique Peruzzotti (eds.), Participatory Innovation and Representative Democracy in Latin America, Washington, D.C., y Baltimore, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-16.
Pitkin, Hanna F., 1967, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press
Pitkin, Hanna F., 2004, "Representation and Democracy: Uneasy Alliance", Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 27, núm. 3, pp. 335-342.
Plotke, David, 1997, "Representation is democracy", Constellations, 4, pp.19–34
Powell Jr., G. Bingham, 2000, Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Mayoritarian and Proportional Visions, Yale University Press.
Powell Jr., G. Bingham, 2004, "Political Representation in Comparative Politics", Annual Review of Political Science, 7, pp. 273–96
Przeworski, Adam, 2010, Democracy & the Limits of Self-Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Rehfeld, Andrew, 2006, "Towards a General Theory of Political Representation", The Journal of Politics, vol. 68, núm. 1, pp. 1-21.
Riker, William, 1982, Liberalism Against Populism, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 2003, El contrato social, Buenos Aires, Losada, p. 12.
Santos, Boaventura de Souza y Leonardo Avritzer, 2004, "Introducción: para ampliar el canon democrático", en Boaventura de Souza Santos (ed.), Democratizar la democracia: Los caminos de la democracia participativa, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 35-74.
Saward, Michael, 2010, The Representative Claim, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Saward, Michael, 2011, "The Wider Canvas: Representation and Democracy in State and Society", en Sonia Alonso, John Keane y Wolfgang Merkel, The Future of Representative Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-96.
Schumpeter, Joseph, 1970, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3a. edición, Nueva York, Harper Perennial.
Smith, Graham, 2009, Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Stokes, Susan, 2001, Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Urbinati, Nadia, 2006, Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Urbinati, Nadia y Mark Warren, 2008, "The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory", Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 11, pp. 387-412.
Warren, Mark, 1996, "What Should We Expect from More Democracy? Radically Democratic Responses to Politics", Political Theory, 24 (2), pp. 241-270.
Warren, Mark, 2006, "Democracy and the State", en John Dryzek, Bonnie Honig y Anne Phillips (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 382-399.
Wessels, Bernhard, 2009, "Political Representation and Democracy", en Russell J. Dalton y Hans-Dieter Klingemann, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 833-849.
Wolin, Sheldon W., 2004, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Princenton y Oxford, Princeton University Press.
Arrow, Kenneth, 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, 2009, "Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization", en Haerpfer, Christian W., Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart y Christian Welzel (eds.), Democratizations, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 41-54.
Bohman, James, 2010, Democracy across Borders: From Demos to Demoi, Cambridge, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Bovens, Mark, 2010, "Two Concepts of Accountability: Accountability as a Virtue and as a Mechanism", West European Politics, vol. 33, núm. 5, pp. 946-967.
Carroll, Royce y Matthew Soberg Shugart, 2007, "Neo-Madisonian Theory and Latin American Institutons", en Gerardo L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 51-101.
Chambers, Simone, 2003, "Deliberative Democratic Theory", Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 5, pp. 307-326.
Cheibub, José Antonio, 2007, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Colomer, Josep y Gabriel Negretto, 2005, "Can Presidentialism Work Like Parliamentarism?", Government & Opposition, pp. 60-89.
Cox, Gary y Mathew D. McCubbins, 2001, "The Institutional Determinants of Economic Policy Outcomes", en Stephan Haggard y Mathew D. McCubbins (eds.), Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-63
Dahl, Robert, 1971, Poliarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Dahl, Robert, 1989, Democracy and Its Critics, New Heaven, Yale University Press.
Dryzek, John, 2000, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Ferejohn, John, 1999, "Accountability and Authority: Towards a Theory of Political Accountability", en Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes y Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131-153.
Ferejohn, John y Frances Rosenbluth, 2009, "Electoral Representation and the Aristocratic Thesis", en Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood y Alexander S. Kirshner, (eds.), Political Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 271-304.
Fung, Archon, 2006, "Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance", Public Administration Review, vol. 66, pp. 66–75
Fung, Archon y Erik Olin-Wright, 2003, Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, Londres, Verso.
Gallagher, Michael y Paul Mitchell (eds.), 2005, The Politics of Electoral Systems, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Garsten, Bryan, 2009, "Representative Government and Popular Sovereignty", en Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood y Alexander S. Kirshner (eds.), Political Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90-110.
Gerring, John y Strom Thacker, 2008, A Centripetal Theory of Democratic Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Gurza Lavalle, Adrián y Ernesto Isunza Vera, 2010, "Precisiones conceptuales para el debate contemporáneo sobre la innovación democrática", en Ernesto Isunza Vera y Adrián Gurza Lavalle (coords.), La innovación democrática en América Latina. Tramas y nudos de la representación, la participación y el control social, México, CIESAS-Universidad Veracruzana, pp. 19-82.
Gutmann, Amy y Dennis Thompson, 2004, Why Deliberative Democracy?, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen, 1998, Facticidad y validez, Madrid, Trotta.
Held, David, 2006, Models of Democracy, 3a. edición, Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Huntington, Samuel P., 1994, La Tercera Ola: democratizaciones a finales del siglo XX, México, Paidós.
Lijphart, Arend, 2000, Modelos de democracia, Barcelona, Ariel.
Manin Bernard, 1997, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Manin, Bernard, Adam Przeworski y Susan Stokes, 1999, "Elections and Representation", en Adam Przeworski, Susan Stokes y Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 29-55.
Mansbridge, Jane, 2003, "Rethinking Representation", American Political Science Review, vol. 97, núm. 4, pp. 515-528.
Mansbridge, Jane, 2009, "A «Selection Model» of Political Representation", Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 17, núm. 4, pp. 369-398.
Maravall, José María, 2006, "Accountability and the Survival of Governments", en Charles Boix y Susan Stokes, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 910-939.
Munck, Gerardo, 2007, "The Study of Politics and Democracy: Touchstones of a Research Agenda", en Gerardo L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 25-38.
Pateman, Carol, 1976, Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Peruzzotti, Enrique y Andrew Seele, 2009, "Participatory Innovation and Representative Democracy in Latin America", en Andrew Seele y Enrique Peruzzotti (eds.), Participatory Innovation and Representative Democracy in Latin America, Washington, D.C., y Baltimore, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1-16.
Pitkin, Hanna F., 1967, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press
Pitkin, Hanna F., 2004, "Representation and Democracy: Uneasy Alliance", Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 27, núm. 3, pp. 335-342.
Plotke, David, 1997, "Representation is democracy", Constellations, 4, pp.19–34
Powell Jr., G. Bingham, 2000, Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Mayoritarian and Proportional Visions, Yale University Press.
Powell Jr., G. Bingham, 2004, "Political Representation in Comparative Politics", Annual Review of Political Science, 7, pp. 273–96
Przeworski, Adam, 2010, Democracy & the Limits of Self-Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Rehfeld, Andrew, 2006, "Towards a General Theory of Political Representation", The Journal of Politics, vol. 68, núm. 1, pp. 1-21.
Riker, William, 1982, Liberalism Against Populism, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 2003, El contrato social, Buenos Aires, Losada, p. 12.
Santos, Boaventura de Souza y Leonardo Avritzer, 2004, "Introducción: para ampliar el canon democrático", en Boaventura de Souza Santos (ed.), Democratizar la democracia: Los caminos de la democracia participativa, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 35-74.
Saward, Michael, 2010, The Representative Claim, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Saward, Michael, 2011, "The Wider Canvas: Representation and Democracy in State and Society", en Sonia Alonso, John Keane y Wolfgang Merkel, The Future of Representative Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-96.
Schumpeter, Joseph, 1970, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3a. edición, Nueva York, Harper Perennial.
Smith, Graham, 2009, Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Stokes, Susan, 2001, Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Urbinati, Nadia, 2006, Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Urbinati, Nadia y Mark Warren, 2008, "The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory", Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 11, pp. 387-412.
Warren, Mark, 1996, "What Should We Expect from More Democracy? Radically Democratic Responses to Politics", Political Theory, 24 (2), pp. 241-270.
Warren, Mark, 2006, "Democracy and the State", en John Dryzek, Bonnie Honig y Anne Phillips (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 382-399.
Wessels, Bernhard, 2009, "Political Representation and Democracy", en Russell J. Dalton y Hans-Dieter Klingemann, The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 833-849.
Wolin, Sheldon W., 2004, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Princenton y Oxford, Princeton University Press.
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2013-01-01
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Monsiváis Carrillo, A. (2013). Repensando la relación entre democracia y representación: algunas propuestas para ampliar el canon democrático. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 21(41), 45–69. https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2141-045-2013
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
